Safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)     

Vendrell D  Balcázar JL  Ruiz-Zarzuela I  de Blas I  Gironés O  Múzquiz JL 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,80(2-3):222-229

We studied the safety and efficacy of an inactivated vaccine (Ichtiovac-Lg) against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In an initial dose-response experiment to test safety, we injected 50 rainbow trout weighing 30-40 g with a double dose of vaccine (0.2 ml) intraperitoneally. We observed these fish three times a day until day 50 post-vaccination when they were killed to evaluate visceral reactions, adhesions and intraperitoneal absorption. Survival was 100% in both the treatment and control groups and no significant differences were found in percentage of severe adhesions and pigmentation of peritonea and viscera. In a second trial, we injected 50 rainbow trout weighing 30-40 g with 0.1 ml of vaccine and a control group was injected with 0.1 ml of PBS intraperitoneally. On day 29 post-vaccination, both groups were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with 0.1 ml of a virulent heterologous strain of L. garvieae at 3 x 10(6) cfu ml(-1) and fish were observed for a further 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the survivals of the vaccinated fish and control group were 94 and 4%, respectively.  相似文献   

Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals          下载免费PDF全文

Yu Zhang  Beth A Lorsbach  Scott Castetter  William T Lambert  Jeremy Kister  Nick X Wang  Carla J R Klittich  Joshua Roth  Thomas C Sparks  Mike R Loso 《Pest management science》2018,74(9):1979-1991

The relentless need for the discovery and development of new agrochemicals continues as a result of driving forces such as loss of existing products through the development of resistance, the necessity for products with more favorable environmental and toxicological profiles, shifting pest spectra, and the changing agricultural needs and practices of the farming community. These new challenges underscore the demand for novel, high‐quality starting points to accelerate the discovery of new agrochemicals that address market challenges. This article discusses the efforts to identify the optimum ranges of physicochemical properties of agrochemicals through analysis of modern commercial products. Specifically, we reviewed literature studies examining physicochemical property effects and analyzed the properties typical of successful fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides (chewing and sap‐feeding pests). From the analysis, a new set of physicochemical property guidelines for each discipline, as well as building block class, are proposed. These new guidelines should significantly aid in the discovery of next‐generation agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Bridging the divide: Social–ecological coherence in Marine Protected Area network design          下载免费PDF全文

Sian E. Rees  Simon J. Pittman  Nicola Foster  Olivia Langmead  Charly Griffiths  Steve Fletcher  David E. Johnson  Martin Attrill 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2018,28(3):754-763

Report on the 43rd Annual Meeting of the DPG-Working Group Nematology     

Daub  Matthias  Hakl  Ulrike  Molendijk  Leendert PG  Schomaker  Corrie  Been  Thomas H  van Beers  Thea G  Jivishova  Sevda  Jivishov  Emil  Keusgen  Michael  Bluemel  Roman  Fischer  Daniel  Grundler  Florian MW  Reuther  Marie  Cappel  Sabrina  Bauer  Harald  Lang  Christian  Watrin  Cliff  den Nijs  Loes JMF  Van Bruggen  Anne-Sophie  Karssen  Gerrit  Kiewnick  Sebastian  Büchler  Urs  Roth  Irma  Frey  Jürg 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2015,122(4):189-193

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection -  相似文献   

Dietary selection for lysine by piglets at differing feeding regimen     

T. Ettle  F.X. Roth   《Livestock Science》2009,122(2-3):259-263

The aim of the present study was to investigate preferences of piglets for diets varying in lysine (Lys) concentration and whether those preferences are influenced by changing position of diets on offer in feeders. For this purpose, a feeding trial was carried out over a period of 5 weeks. Piglets (equal proportions of barrows and gilts) with an initial BW of 7.4 ± 0.9 kg were randomly subdivided into four groups of 12 pigs each and were housed in single pens. Two reference groups were fed diets containing either 0.7% Lys (low-Lys group) or 1.0% Lys (high-Lys group). Two other groups had the choice from two diets containing 0.7 or 1.0% Lys offered simultaneously in identical feeders. For animals of one of these choice groups (Lys-choice 1 group) the position of diets in the feeders remained unchanged throughout the experimental period, but for animals of a second choice group (Lys-choice 2 group) position of the diets on offer in the feeders was changed two times a week.Average daily feed intake and daily gain were greatly (p < 0.05) decreased in animals of the low-Lys group compared to other treatments, and feed to gain ratio was increased. Performance of animals in Lys-choice 1 group was numerically decreased compared to animals of Lys-choice 2 group. Chosen diets of Lys-choice groups 1 and 2 contained on average 31 and 19% feed with 0.7% Lys, respectively. Resulting Lys contents of total diets were 0.94 and 0.98% for Lys-choice groups 1 and 2, respectively, as a mean of the experiment. In week 1 animals of both Lys-choice groups met approximately 50% of total feed intake by consumption of the 0.7% Lys diet. Animals of Lys-choice 1 group lowered this portion to 20% in the last experimental week and animals of Lys-choice group 2 to 11%. Preference for the 1.0% Lys diet was evident (p < 0.05) from week 3 to 5 in Lys-choice 1 group and from week 2 to 5 in Lys-choice 2 group.Piglets are able to distinguish between diets differing in Lys content and to prefer a better balanced diet over a Lys-deficient one. Changing the position of the diets on offer in the feeders two times a week does not impair the ability to select for a diet more adequate in Lys concentration, but led in contrary to a slightly higher preference for Lys.  相似文献   

Live chilling of Atlantic salmon: physiological response to handling and temperature decrease on welfare     

Foss A  Grimsbø E  Vikingstad E  Nortvedt R  Slinde E  Roth B 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(2):565-571

Investigation of the physiological effects of live chilling in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, has been performed in two experiments. In the first, fish (mean weight 840 g) acclimatized to either 16, 8, or 4°C were directly transferred horizontally or vertically (9 combinations) to water temperatures of 16, 8, 4, or 0°C using a dip net. Blood samples were collected at 1 and 6 h (h) post-transfer. In the second experiment, fish (mean weight 916 g) acclimatized to 16°C were exposed to four temperature-drop regimes (no physical handling): 16–4°C (over 5 h), 16–4°C (over 1 h), 16–0°C (over 5 h), and 16–0°C (over 1 h). Blood samples were collected 1 h post-temperature drop. Physical transfers in the first trial, i.e., temperature drops, resulted in immediate (1 h) increases in blood lactate concentrations at all three temperatures, but levels were significantly reduced and close to pre-transfer levels after 6 h. Horizontal transfers, i.e., 16–16°C, 8–8°C, and 4–4°C, resulted in similar increases and were not significantly different from the groups exposed to temperature drops. The most severe vertical transfer (16-0) resulted in a swift loss of equilibrium and eventually death. In experiment 2, temperature drops from 16 to 4°C and from 16 to 0°C over a period of one or 5 h, without physically handling the fish, resulted in no significant increases in any of the measured parameters 1 h post-transfer, except in the 16–0 (1 h) group. The latter experienced a significant increase in blood sodium, glucose, lactate, and cortisol levels compared to all other groups. The results suggest that salmon are capable of tolerating relatively steep temperature drops without any significant negative effects on blood stress parameters and that physical stress from handling overrides the effect of thermal insults.  相似文献   

土壤添加沼渣对温室气体排放及小麦生长的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Liliana PAMPILLÓN-GONZÁLEZ  Marco LUNA-GUIDO  Victor Manuel RUÍZ-VALDIVIEZO  Olivia FRANCO-HERNÁNDEZ  Fabián FERNÁNDEZ-LUQUE  NO  Octavio PAREDES-LÓPEZ  Gerardo HERNÁNDEZ  Luc DENDOOVEN 《土壤圈》2017,27(2):318-327

Digestate, the product obtained after anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production, is rich in plant nutrients and might be used to fertilize crops. Wheat(Triticum spp. L.) was fertilized with digestate, urea, or left unfertilized and cultivated in the greenhouse for 120 d. Emissions of greenhouse gasses(carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4), and nitrous oxide(N_2O)) were monitored and plant growth characteristics were determined at harvest. The digestate was characterized for heavy metals, pathogens, and C and N mineralization potential in an aerobic incubation experiment. No Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., or viable eggs of helminths were detected in the digested pig slurry, but the number of faecal coliforms was as high as 3.6 × 10~4colony-forming units(CFU) g-~(1)dry digestate. The concentrations of heavy metals did not surpass the upper limits established by US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). After 28 d, 17% of the organic C(436 g kg~(-1)dry digestate) and 8% of the organic N(6.92 g kg~(-1)dry digestate)were mineralized. Emissions of CO_2 and CH_4 were not significantly affected by fertilization in the wheat-cultivated soil, but digestate significantly increased the cumulative N_2O emission by 5 times compared to the urea-amended soil and 63 times compared to the uncultivated unfertilized soil. It could be concluded that digestate was nutrient rich and low in heavy metals and pathogens, and did not affect emissions of CH_4 and CO_2 when applied to a soil cultivated with wheat, but increased emission of N_2O.  相似文献   

Innate Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease     

Mark R. Ackermann  Rachel Derscheid  James A. Roth 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2010

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盐碱土中可培养中度嗜盐菌的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王爽  杨谦  孙磊  王允  Olivia Juba 《东北农业大学学报》2010,41(8)

为了调查大庆盐碱地的中度嗜盐菌资源,采集重度盐碱化的土壤样本进行嗜盐微生物的分离纯化,获得45株中度嗜盐细菌。形态学特征显示,40%菌落呈黄色,其余为乳白色;细胞为直线或弯曲的杆状,G+和G-细菌比例为19:26。进一步的生理生化特征分析筛选出8株进行16S rDNA基因序列的测定及系统发育分析。结果表明,它们分别属于Bacillus(3株),Halomonas(2株)和Alkalibacillus(3株)属的菌株。菌株15-2应为现有种Bacillus agaradhaerens,X10-1(或X10-7)可能为Bacillus属潜在的新种,15-7(或X10-2)可能为Halomonas潜在的新种,有待于进一步的验证。研究虽然仅获得了有限的中度嗜盐菌资源,但却丰富了我们对大庆盐碱土中可培养中度嗜盐菌多样性的认识,为今后合理开发和利用大庆地区的嗜盐微生物资源提供了素材和参考。  相似文献   

How Effective is Reduced Tillage–Cover Crop Management in Reducing N2O Fluxes from Arable Crop Soils?     

M. Abdalla  K. Rueangritsarakul  M. Jones  B. Osborne  M. Helmy  B. Roth  J. Burke  P. Nolan  P. Smith  M. Williams 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):5155-5174

Field management is expected to influence nitrous oxide (N₂O) production from arable cropping systems through effects on soil physics and biology. Measurements of N₂O flux were carried out on a weekly basis from April 2008 to August 2009 for a spring sown barley crop at Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland. The soil was a free draining sandy loam typical of the majority of cereal growing land in Ireland. The aims of this study were to investigate the suitability of combining reduced tillage and a mustard cover crop (RT?CCC) to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions from arable soils and to validate the DeNitrification?CDeComposition (DNDC) model version (v. 9.2) for estimating N₂O emissions. In addition, the model was used to simulate N₂O emissions for two sets of future climate scenarios (period 2021?C2060). Field results showed that although the daily emissions were significantly higher for RT?CCC on two occasions (p?<?0.05), no significant effect (p?>?0.05) on the cumulative N₂O flux, compared with the CT treatment, was found. DNDC was validated using N₂O data collected from this study in combination with previously collected data and shown to be suitable for estimating N₂O emissions (r ²?=?0.70), water-filled pore space (WFPS) (r ²?=?0.58) and soil temperature (r ²?=?0.87) from this field. The relative deviations of the simulated to the measured N₂O values with the 140?kg N ha^?1 fertiliser application rate were ?36?% for RT?CCC and ?19?% for CT. Root mean square error values were 0.014 and 0.007?kg N₂O?CN ha^?1 day^?1, respectively, indicating a reasonable fit. Future cumulative N₂O fluxes and total denitrification were predicted to increase under the RT?CCC management for all future climate projections, whilst predictions were inconsistent under the CT. Our study suggests that the use of RT?CCC as an alternative farm management system for spring barley, if the sole objective is to reduce N₂O emissions, may not be successful.  相似文献